Optical Sensors as follows: a. Image intensifier tubes and specially designed components therefor, as follows: 1. Image intensifier tubes having all the following: a. A peak response in wavelength range exceeding 400 nm, but not exceeding 1 050 nm; b. A microchannel plate for electron image amplification with a hole pitch (centre-to-centre spacing) of less than 25 μm; and c. Having any of the following: 1. An S-20, S-25 or multialkali photocathode; or 2. A GaAs or GaInAs photocathode; 2. Specially designed microchannel plates having both of the following characteristics: a. 15 000 or more hollow tubes per plate; and b. Hole pitch (centre-to-centre spacing) of less than 25 μm b. Direct view imaging equipment operating in the visible or infrared spectrum, incorporating image intensifier tubes having the characteristics of the image intensifier tube included in this control.