‘Robots’ having any of the following characteristics and specially designed controllers and ‘end-effectors’ therefor: (a) Capable in real time of full three-dimensional image processing or full three-dimensional ‘scene analysis’ to generate or modify ‘programs’ or to generate or modify numerical program data; Technical note: The ‘scene analysis’ limitation does not include approximation of the third dimension by viewing at a given angle, or limited greyscale interpretation for the perception of depth or texture for the approved tasks (2 1/2 D). (b) Specially designed to comply with national safety standards applicable to potentially explosive munitions environments; (c) Specially designed or rated as radiation-hardened to withstand greater than 5 × 10 3 Gy (Si) without operational degradation; or (d) Specially designed to operate at altitudes exceeding 30 000 m.